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Shale gas development has outpaced the ability to create adequate management practices that protect against harm to aquatic and terrestrial wildlife communities and their habitat. As of 2015, over 140,000 ha of land have been developed, with deciduous forest one of the major habitat types affected with high ecosystem service costs. The Marcellus-Utica shale basin is one of the largest natural gas plays underlying part of the northeastern United States with substantial growth in gas production. The rapid development of hydraulic fracturing techniques in the last decade has allowed the expansion of development for unconventional drilling activity, hereafter shale gas development. Geological Survey (USGS) required approval of the final manuscript prior to publication as required by their Fundamental Sciences Practices protocols ( ).Д¬ompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. None of our funders had any influence on the content of the submitted or published manuscript and only the U.S. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.Дata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.ДЇunding: Our research was funded by the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources (WVDNR) to PBW, West Virginia University (WVU) to MWF, National Aviary to PBW, and Appalachian Stewardship Foundation (ASF) to MWF.

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This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. Received: MaAccepted: OctoPublished: November 28, 2018 Lightfoot, College of Agricultural Sciences, UNITED STATES Density-dependent regulation of their ability to adapt to environmental change through acquisition of additional resources may also alter demographic response.Д¬itation: Frantz MW, Wood PB, Merovich GT Jr (2018) Demographic characteristics of an avian predator, Louisiana Waterthrush ( Parkesia motacilla), in response to its aquatic prey in a Central Appalachian USA watershed impacted by shale gas development. However collective evidence suggests there may be a shale gas disturbance threshold at which waterthrush respond negatively to aquatic prey community changes. Loss of food resources does not seem directly or solely responsible for demographic declines where waterthrush likely were able to meet their foraging needs. In 2014, intolerant genera decreased at the territory and nest level with increased shale gas disturbance suggesting the potential for localized negative effects on waterthrush. While potential hydraulic fracturing runoff in 2013 may have increased Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) richness, in 2014 shale gas territory disturbance decreased EPT richness.

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The EPA Rapid Bioassessment protocol (EPA) and Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) designed for assessing suitability requirements for waterthrush were positively linked to aquatic prey where higher scores increased aquatic prey metrics, but EPA was more strongly linked than HSI and varied annually. Potential hydraulic fracturing runoff decreased nest survival both years and was statistically significant in 2014. Competing aquatic prey covariate models to explain nest survival were not statistically significant but differed annually and in general reversed from negative to positive influence on daily survival rate. In general, most demographic responses to aquatic prey were variable and negatively related to aquatic prey in 2013 but positively related in 2014.

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In 2013, aquatic prey density and pollution intolerant genera (i.e., pollution tolerance value <4) decreased statistically with increased waterthrush territory length but not in 2014 when territory densities were lower. We related Louisiana Waterthrush ( Parkesia motacilla) demographic response and nest survival to benthic macroinvertebrate aquatic prey and to shale gas development parameters using models that accounted for both spatial and non-spatial sources of variability in a Central Appalachian USA watershed.

$Grant cj fracked ecology$